![]() Some waypoints such as Missed Approach Point (MAPt) are always defined as "fly-over".Īlong a RNAV flightpath, a turn between two segments will require a minimum segment length to make sure aircraft will have time to be stabilized, in particular between two fly-over waypoints.RNAV waypoints can be either "fly-over" or "fly-by".RNAV waypoints are defined by geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and do not rely anymore on conventional means (VOR and/or DME).The RNAV system uses information on aircraft speed, bank angle, wind, and track angle change, to calculate a flight path turn that smoothly transitions from one path segment to the next.įly-by and fly-over method can be used to accomplish lateral navigation and flightpath made of successive waypoints: ¶ RNAV Specific functionįly-by turns are a key characteristic of an RNAV flight path. ![]() ![]() Monitoring systems must ensure the ability to detect any failure of computation or sensors. RNAV1: used in en route continental, departure, arrival part of an approach, initial or intermediate part of an approach flight phaseĪ RNAV-'X' specification means that an aircraft must be able to achieve lateral navigation while being 95% of flight time accurate within a precision of 'X' nautical miles.RNAV2: used in en route continental, departure or arrival part of an approach flight phase.RNAV5: used in en route continental or arrival part of an approach flight phase.RNAV10: used only in en route oceanic/remote flight phase.Standards are being established as well as navigation performance specification: The navigation function computes data from a variety of navigation sensors, including GNSS, DME, VOR and IRS, that can include aircraft position, velocity, track angle, vertical flight path angle, drift angle, magnetic variation, barometric-corrected altitude, and wind direction and magnitude.Ĭomputation can be interpreted in regard to a navigation database by a flight management system (FMS) More rarely, INS/IRS and era-related instruments : self-contained.GNSS (including GPS) : satellite-based (in conjunction with augmentation systems).¶ RNAV Navigation Methods ¶ Principles of Area NavigationĪs we said in the introduction to this document:įlying RNAV is the ability to compute aircraft's position using various sensors: by an alphanumeric name code: 2 letter representing airfield ICAO code and 3 numbers (example RS604).by a 3 letter ICAO identifier if located with a ground based NAVAID for that station (example KIK).by a 5 letter unique name code (example KOKOS).RNAV is an instrument-based navigation method that leads to fly from a waypoint (geographic point inside an airspace) to another waypoint directly.Ī waypoint is a specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation.Ĭontrary to conventional navigation based on NDB and VOR, RNAV does not expect fixes to be defined in relation to conventional means, but rather by geographical coordinates.įigure: Red path is area navigation, black path is conventional navigation.Ī waypoint is defined as a geographic coordinate (in WGS84) and is identified either: The aircraft using area navigation should be able to fly to any position on earth without NAVAID references. RNAV can then be summed up as the ability of an aircraft to navigate, computing change of tracks from one point to another, using only coordinates. The position of the aircraft is known using various sensors that can compute its position. The first references to area navigation, shortened as RNAV, can be found during the years 1960s where its development has been started. The ICAO definition of area navigation is: A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground-based or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of self-contained aids, or a combination of these. ![]()
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